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In the mathematics of chaos theory, a horseshoe map is any member of a class of chaotic maps of the square into itself. It is a core example in the study of dynamical systems. The map was introduced by Stephen Smale while studying the behavior of the orbits of the van der Pol oscillator. The action of the map is defined geometrically by squishing the square, then stretching the result into a long strip, and finally folding the strip into the shape of a horseshoe. Most points eventually leave the square under the action of the map. They go to the side caps where they will, under iteration, converge to a fixed point in one of the caps. The points that remain in the square under repeated iteration form a fractal set and are part of the invariant set of the map. The squishing, stretching and folding of the horseshoe map are typical of chaotic systems, but not necessary or even sufficient. In the horseshoe map, the squeezing and stretching are uniform. They compensate each other so that the area of the square does not change. The folding is done neatly, so that the orbits that remain forever in the square can be simply described. For a horseshoe map: * there are an infinite number of periodic orbits; * periodic orbits of arbitrarily long period exist; * the number of periodic orbits grows exponentially with the period; and * close to any point of the fractal invariant set there is a point of a periodic orbit. == The horseshoe map == The horseshoe map is a diffeomorphism defined from a region of the plane into itself. The region is a square capped by two semi-disks. The action of is defined through the composition of three geometrically defined transformations. First the square is contracted along the vertical direction by a factor . The caps are contracted so as to remain semi-disks attached to the resulting rectangle. Contracting by a factor smaller than one half assures that there will be a gap between the branches of the horseshoe. Next the rectangle is stretched horizontally by a factor of ; the caps remain unchanged. Finally the resulting strip is folded into a horseshoe-shape and placed back into . The interesting part of the dynamics is the image of the square into itself. Once that part is defined, the map can be extended to a diffeomorphism by defining its action on the caps. The caps are made to contract and eventually map inside one of the caps (the left one in the figure). The extension of ''f'' to the caps adds a fixed point to the non-wandering set of the map. To keep the class of horseshoe maps simple, the curved region of the horseshoe should not map back into the square. The horseshoe map is one-to-one, which means that an inverse ''f−1'' exists when restricted to the image of under . By folding the contracted and stretched square in different ways, other types of horseshoe maps are possible. To ensure that the map remains one-to-one, the contracted square must not overlap itself. When the action on the square is extended to a diffeomorphism, the extension cannot always be done in the plane. For example, the map on the right needs to be extended to a diffeomorphism of the sphere by using a “cap” that wraps around the equator. The horseshoe map is an Axiom A diffeomorphism that serves as a model for the general behavior at a transverse homoclinic point, where the stable and unstable manifolds of a periodic point intersect. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Horseshoe map」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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